INTRODUCTION The letter of administration entitles the administrator to all rights belonging to the intestate as effectually as if the administration had been granted at the moment after his death. If the deceased has died intestate and was a Hindu, Muhammadan, Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina or an exempted person, administration of his estate may be … Read more
INTRODUCTION The appointment of the referee is of great importance during a dispute between landlord and tenant. Mostly in villages, the rent is paid to the Landlords by the tenants by way of sharing the produce. This kind of rent is known as Batai and Zabti rent. According to Punjab Tenancy Act its the right … Read more
Meaning of Probate Section 2(f) of the Succession Act 1925 defines Probate Probate means the copy of a will that is certified under the seal of a court of competent jurisdiction with a grant of administration to the estate of the testator. Rules as to Probate Probate shall be granted only to an executor appointed … Read more
INTRODUCTION By the enforcement of the Punjab Tenancy Agreement Act VII of 1952 the occupancy night has become very limited Section 115 of the Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887. This provision has been introduced by the Act (VIl) of 1952 which describes the limits on the holding for personal cultivation. This section tells about the procedure … Read more
Introduction Civil laws, also known as civil law systems or civil codes, form a foundational part of the legal systems in many countries worldwide. These laws are distinct from criminal laws and govern disputes between individuals, organizations, or entities, focusing on contracts, property, family matters, and personal injury. In this comprehensive article, we will delve … Read more
Introduction Cyber laws have become increasingly essential in today’s interconnected and digital world, where technology is an integral part of our daily lives. These laws regulate the use of technology, the internet, and electronic devices, ensuring that individuals, businesses, and governments operate within a legal framework that promotes online safety, privacy, and security. This comprehensive … Read more
Introduction Environmental laws are a crucial framework societies worldwide have established to regulate and protect our natural environment. These laws play a fundamental role in preserving the planet’s ecosystems, ensuring public health and safety, and addressing the pressing challenges posed by pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, and biodiversity loss. This article delves into the concept … Read more
INTRODUCTION Improvement means with reference to tenancy any work which is brought about either by the landlord or by the tenant. The rights and duties of landlord and tenant towards improvement are described in the Punjab Tenancy Act 1887. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Sections 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68 Punjab Tenancy Act 1887. DEFINITION … Read more
PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932 Q# MINOR AS A PARTNER Introduction Relevant Provisions Definition of Minor Can a Minor Become a Partner? Pre-Requisites for Minor to be a Partner Consequences Rights of Minor as Partner Duties of Minor as partner Position of Minor on Attaining Majority Conclusion Q# REGISTRATION OF A FIRM Introduction Meaning Definition Objects of … Read more
INTRODUCTION Compensation is that amount which is necessary to restore an injured party to his former position. Therefore compensation is the money that a court or other tribunal orders to be paid by a person whose acts or omissions have caused loss or injury to another person. RELEVANT PROVISION Sections 70 to 73 deal … Read more
INTRODUCTION The technical Arabic term for its Anglo-Mohammedan equivalent “pre-emption” is “SHUFAA”, which literally means “adding” or “preference”. Pre-emption is village communities in British India and its origin in the Mohammedan Law as to pre-emption and was apparently unknown in India before the time of the Mughal rulers. In the course of time, customs of … Read more
INTRODUCTION The technical Arabic term for its Anglo-Mohammedan equivalent “pre-emption is SHUFAA which literally means “adding” or “preference”. The persons entitled to claim or exercise the right of pre-emption are mentioned under the Punjab Preemption Act 1991. However, every person has no right to pre-emption. This right arises only on a complete sale. RELEVANT PROVISIONS … Read more
INTRODUCTION Under the Punjab Pre-emption Act 1991, the right of pre-emption can be acquired by demand from a person who has the right of pre-emption. Section 13 of this Act clearly says that the night of pre-emption is extinguished if no demand out of the three demands is made. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Section 13 Punjab … Read more
INTRODUCTION Section 27 Under Punjab Pre-emption Act, 1991 empowered to Court to determine the market value of the property. The sound guidelines for the determination of the market value of the property describes in section 28 of this Act. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Sections 27, 28 of Punjab Pre-emption Act, 1991. LITERAL MEANING The price … Read more
INTRODUCTION Fundamental rights are part and parcel of constitutional law. Fundamental rights safeguard the Liberty and rights of the people and equality etc. The 1973 constitution of Pakistan has given the right to be protected by law to every citizen and has imposed upon them the loyalty to state and obedience to the law. There … Read more
INTRODUCTION Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the citizens In the constitution of 1973 the list of Fundamental rights has been given. Every democratic state recognizes the fundamental rights of its citizens. Such rights cannot be suspended or vanished due to constitutional guarantee, other than if the state itself is in danger. RELEVANT … Read more
INTRODUCTION A fair trial ensures impartial judgment, legal rights protection, evidence presentation, and a competent defense, fostering justice and due process. The constitution 1973 of Pakistan has guaranteed the fundamental rights in part II, Chapter 1. The Constitution has given the right to be protected by law to every citizen and has imposed upon them … Read more
INTRODUCTION The principles of policy as contained in the constitution of Pakistan in part II chapter 2 guide the authorities in the performance of their functions The principles of policy imply the future line of action of the country. The principles of policy themselves are not rules of law. It is usual in the constitutional … Read more
INTRODUCTION The constitution of 1973 is partly parliamentary and partly presidential in nature. The president is a symbol of the unity of Pakistan He is elected by the Provincial Assemblies as well as the National Assembly. The president is constitutionally required to act on the advice of the Prime Minister’s cabinet, but such advice ought … Read more
INTRODUCTION The President during the period of emergency, exercises the most prestigious powers conferred by the Constitution to protect the solidarity of the country, and economic interest and to get nd of the financial crisis. The president is authorized to issue a proclamation of emergency for the whole of the country or any part of … Read more